Spotlight 05/22: “Enlist now!” — or don’t? Why we should be concerned about foreign fighting in Ukraine | References

    by Hanna Pfeifer, Houssein Al Malla, and David Weiß | To the Publication

    1https://fightforua.org/

    2 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/27/ukraine-appeals-for-foreign-volunteers-to-join-fight-against-russia

    3 https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-07-22/h_dc1526f075096e276baec8fa7632f300

    4 https://www.ejiltalk.org/mercenary-or-combatant-ukraines-international-legion-of-territorial-defense-under-international-humanitarian-law/

    5 Hegghammer, Thomas. 2010. "The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters. Islam and the Globalization of Jihad," International Security 35 (3): 53–94.

    6 https://www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/2022/from-anger-to-action-moral-emotions-and-the-invasion-of-ukraine/

    7 https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/20/ukraine-war-foreign-volunteers-spanish-civil-war/; https://time.com/6155670/foreign-fighters-ukraine-europe

    8 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/11/ukraine-russia-war-foreign-fighters-volunteers

    9 https://scroll.in/article/1019846/ukraines-foreign-fighters-are-nothing-like-those-who-signed-up-to-fight-in-the-spanish-civil-war

    10 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-60947877

    11 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/18/syrians-join-russian-ranks-in-ukraine-as-putin-calls-in-assads-debt; https://blogs.prio.org/2022/05/putins-blood-trail-from-syria-to-the-ukraine-western-failures-in-the-face-of-power-play-propaganda-and-de-humanization/

    12 https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/%D9%87%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%91%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA

    13 https://ecfr.eu/article/laws-against-slaughter-the-crimes-that-shape-russias-war-on-ukraine/. There are hints to Ukrainian breaches of IHL as well, but on an individual rather than systematic level and on a much smaller scale.

    14 Deitelhoff, Nicole, and Anna Geis. 2012. "Die Privatisierung des Militärs." In Militärsoziologie. Eine Einführung, edited by Nina Leonhard and Ines-Jacqueline Werkner, 139–157. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 150–151; Chesterman, Simon, and Chia Lehnardt. 2007. From Mercenaries to Market. The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies. Oxford/New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    15 Cuyckens, Hanne. 2021. "Foreign Fighters and the Tension between Counterterrorism and International Humanitarian Law. A Case for Cumulative Prosecution Where Possible," International Review of the Red Cross 103 (916-917): 581–603. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1816383121000308.

    16 https://fightforua.org/

    17 https://www.jpost.com/international/article-699343

    18 Malet, David. 2013. Foreign fighters. Transnational identity in civil conflicts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    19 Cited in: Lea-Henry, Jed. 2018. "The Life and Death of Abdullah Azzam." Middle East Policy 25 (1): 64–79, p. 78. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12325.

    20 https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/05/05/willy-cancel-american-killed-in-ukraine/

    Proofreading: Carla Welch