Spotlight 06/21: Arms Transfers in the Gulf of Aden. Shining the Spotlight on Regional Dynamics | References

    by Matthias Schwarz | To the publication

    1 Orkaby, Asher (2020): The Red Sea and The Gulf of Aden, in: Hensel, Howard M.: Air Power in the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific, Abingdon/New York: Routledge, Chapter 15 (https://books.google.de/books?hl=de&lr=&id=OHnpDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT288&dq=gulf+of+aden+arms&ots=UEs3dGaJyW&sig=rQTP1tnyrUChvNPWsdynS2X0zXY#v=onepage&q=gulf%20of%20aden%20arms&f=false).

    2 Horton, Michael (2017): Yemen: A Dangerous Regional Arms Bazaar, Terrorism Monitor 15: 12, June 16 (https://jamestown.org/program/yemen-dangerous-regional-arms-bazaar/).

    3 Initially, the anti-Houthi coalition comprised Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sudan, the UAE supported by the US, the UK and France. Saudi Arabia and the UAE are particularly active while Morocco and Qatar have left the coalition in the meantime; cf. Kamel, Lorenzo ed. (2020): Youth and Africa, IAI Research Studies, Rome: Edizioni Nuova Cultura (https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iairs_3.pdf).

    4 Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General (2019): Situation of human rights in Yemen, including violations and abuses since September 2014. Report of the detailed findings of the Group of Eminent International and Regional Experts on Yemen** (https://yemen.un.org/en/21008-situation-human-rights-yemen-including-violations-and-abuses-september-2014); Ferro, Luca (2019): Western Gunrunners, (Middle-)Eastern Casualties: Unlawfully Trading Arms with States Engulfed in Yemeni Civil War?, Journal of Conflict & Security Law 24: 3, p. 503–535 (https://academic.oup.com/jcsl/article-abstract/24/3/503/5555942?redirectedFrom=fulltext).

    5 Orkaby, Asher (2020): The Red Sea and The Gulf of Aden, in: Hensel, Howard M.: Air Power in the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific, Abingdon/New York: Routledge, Chapter 15 (https://books.google.de/books?hl=de&lr=&id=OHnpDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT288&dq=gulf+of+aden+arms&ots=UEs3dGaJyW&sig=rQTP1tnyrUChvNPWsdynS2X0zXY#v=onepage&q=gulf%20of%20aden%20arms&f=false).

    6  Wezeman, Pieter D./Kuimova, Alexandra (2019): Military Spending and Arms Imports by Iran, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and The UAE, SIPRI Fact Sheet May 2019 (https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2019-05/fs_1905_gulf_milex_and_arms_transfers.pdf); Bales, Marius/ Mutschler, Max M. (2019): German Arms in the Yemen War: For a Comprehensive Arms Embargo Against the War Coalition, BICC Policy Brief 2/2019 (https://www.bicc.de/uploads/tx_bicctools/pb2_19_yemen_e_web.pdf).

    7 Ferro, Luca (2019): Western Gunrunners, (Middle-)Eastern Casualties: Unlawfully Trading Arms with States Engulfed in Yemeni Civil War?, Journal of Conflict & Security Law 24: 3, p. 503–535 (https://academic.oup.com/jcsl/article-abstract/24/3/503/5555942?redirectedFrom=fulltext).

    8 United Nations Security Council (2020): Letter dated 27 January 2020 from the Panel of Experts on Yemen addressed to the President of the Security Council* (https://undocs.org/en/S/2020/326).

    9 Interview with regional expert.

    10 Interview with regional expert.

    11 Bahadur, Jay (2020): Following the Money. The Use of the hawala Remittance System in the Yemen–Somalia Arms Trade, Political Economy Report September 2020, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Following-the-money-The-use-of-the-hawala-remittance-system-in-the-Yemen%E2%80%93Somalia-arms-trade.pdf); United Nations Security Council (2018): Letter dated 7 November 2018 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council (https://undocs.org/S/2018/1002).

    12 Interview with EU NAVFOR member.

    13 Horton, Michael (2020): Arms from Yemen will Fuel Conflict in the Horn of Africa, Terrorism Monitor 18: 8, April 17 (https://jamestown.org/program/arms-from-yemen-will-fuel-conflict-in-the-horn-of-africa/).

    14 Coinciding interviews with regional experts.

    15 Global Initiative (2020): Civil Society Observatory of Illicit Economies in Eastern and Southern Africa, Issue 10, July–August 2020 (https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/esaobs-risk-bulletin-10/).

    16 United Nations Security Council (2019): Letter dated 1 November 2019 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolution 751(1992) concerning Somalia addressed to the President of the Security Council (https://undocs.org/S/2019/858).

    17 Interviews with regional experts underline this assumption, although tangible evidence of a systematic trade is still missing; Hansrod, Zeenat (2018): Revealed: How Djibouti Filled in the Gap Left By Eritrea in Arms Trafficking, African Liberty, September 19 (https://www.africanliberty.org/2018/09/19/revealed-how-djibouti-filled-in-the-gap-left-by-eritrea-in-arms-trafficking/).

    18 Kamel, Lorenzo ed. (2020): Youth and Africa, IAI Research Studies, Rome: Edizioni Nuova Cultura (https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iairs_3.pdf).

    19 EXX Africa (2018): The Secret Chinese Arms Trade in The Horn of Africa, August 2018 (https://www.africa-newsroom.com/files/download/f5eae1307e605eb).

    20 Small Arms Survey (2019): Weapons Compass. Mapping Illicit Small Arms Flows in Africa, Report January 2019 (https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/SAS-AU-Weapons-Compass.pdf).

    21 Wezeman, Pieter D. et al. (2020): Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2019, SIPRI Fact Sheet March 2020 (https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-03/fs_2003_at_2019.pdf).